Overview

Lion's Mane, also known as Hericium erinaceus, is a type of edible mushroom that is highly regarded for its potential health benefits. Lion's Mane mushrooms have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine, where they are believed to support overall well-being and have a range of medicinal properties. Lion's Mane has gained recognition in the western wellness world due to its potential cognitive and neurological benefits. It is often used as a nootropic, a substance believed to enhance cognitive function, memory, and focus. Some studies suggest that Lion's Mane may have neuroprotective properties and could potentially support brain health and promote nerve regeneration. Lion's Mane mushrooms are a good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. They contain various vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, which may contribute to their potential health benefits.

TMW® Lions Mane extract is the highest concentration on the market of beta-glucans 1,3 and 1,6. See beta-glucan benefits below.

Benefits

Cognitive Function: Lion's Mane is often used as a nootropic due to its potential effects on cognitive function. Some research suggests that Lion's Mane may enhance memory, focus, and overall cognitive performance. It is believed to support brain health by promoting the production of nerve growth factors that are essential for nerve cell growth and function.

Neuroprotection: Lion's Mane mushrooms contain bioactive compounds that may have neuroprotective effects. They have been studied for their potential to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Lion's Mane may also support nerve regeneration and myelination, the process of forming a protective sheath around nerves.

Antioxidant: Lion's mane contains compounds that can neutralize and scavenge harmful free radicals in the body; help protect cells from oxidative damage; antioxidant effects might help protect brain cells from oxidative stress.

Anti-inflammatory: Some studies suggest lion's mane may help lower levels of pro-inflammatory compounds in the body; Its anti-inflammatory properties might benefit those with inflammatory bowel conditions; by lowering inflammation, it may help alleviate certain types of pain.

Mood and Mental Health: Some preliminary studies suggest that Lion's Mane may have positive effects on mood and mental health. It has been reported to potentially reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in animal studies. However, more research is needed to understand the mechanisms behind these effects and their applicability to humans.

Digestive Health: Traditional use of Lion's Mane in herbal medicine includes its potential benefits for the digestive system. It may help support a healthy gut microbiota by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the growth of harmful microbes. Additionally, Lion's Mane may have anti-inflammatory properties that could be beneficial for gastrointestinal health.

Immune System Support: Lion's Mane mushrooms contain polysaccharides and other compounds that may support immune function. Some research suggests that they may enhance the activity of certain immune cells and increase the production of immune-modulating substances. This could potentially contribute to a stronger immune response and improved overall immune health.

Lions Mane Mushroom effects on the 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Lion's Mane mushrooms may indirectly support telomere health and slow down telomere shortening by reducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation with their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Lion's Mane mushrooms' antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can create a favorable epigenetic environment by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which can impact gene expression through epigenetic modifications.

Cellular Senescence:

Lion's Mane mushrooms' bioactive compounds may reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially contributing to a reduction in cellular senescence. Additionally, Lion's Mane stimulates the production of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), promoting nerve cell development, maintenance, and regeneration.

Inflammation:

Lion's Mane mushrooms reduce inflammation by lowering inflammatory markers and inhibiting specific inflammatory pathways, such as NF-κB activation. Bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides and triterpenes, abundant in Lions Mane, have been found to inhibit specific inflammatory pathways.

Genomic Instability:

Lion's Mane mushrooms' antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can indirectly support genomic stability by reducing oxidative stress and mitigating inflammation-induced DNA damage, which can contribute to genomic instability.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Lion's Mane mushrooms may enhance cellular energy production by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and protecting mitochondria from oxidative damage through their antioxidant activity.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Lion's Mane mushrooms have shown promise in promoting neurogenesis, the process of generating new neurons from neural stem cells, which could indirectly impact nerve growth and brain health.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Lion's Mane mushrooms may help maintain proteostasis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which can disrupt proteostasis and contribute to protein misfolding and aggregation.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing (metabolic disorders):

Lion's Mane extract improves glucose metabolism, reducing blood sugar levels and enhancing insulin sensitivity, and may also influence lipid metabolism by lowering total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, benefiting individuals with metabolic disorders.

Altered Intercellular communication:

Lion's Mane mushrooms support enhanced cellular communication in the nervous system by stimulating Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) production, promoting neurite outgrowth, and modulating neurotransmitter levels.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Lion's Mane mushrooms can modulate gut microbiota composition, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and reducing harmful ones. This is partly due to its prebiotic effects, providing nourishment for beneficial gut microbes and creating a favorable microbial environment.

Sources:

Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health-Promoting Properties of Hericium erinaceus (Lion's Mane) Mushroom Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia and Their Bioactive Compounds (Accessed through Kara’s USC account)

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02914

Therapeutic Potential of Hericium erinaceus for Depressive Disorder

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6982118/

Lion’s Mane (also known as Hericium erinaceus): (Alzheimers Drug Discovery Foundation)

https://www.alzdiscovery.org/uploads/cognitive_vitality_media/Lion's-Mane-UPDATE.pdf

Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24266378/

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus in experimental diabetic rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3852124/

Searching for a Longevity Food, We Bump into Hericium erinaceus Primordium Rich in Ergothioneine: The “Longevity Vitamin” Improves Locomotor Performances during Aging

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8950371/

Overview

Chaga, scientifically known as Inonotus obliquus, is a type of fungus that typically grows on birch trees in cold climates, particularly in the northern regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. It has been used for centuries in traditional folk medicine in these regions. It is often brewed into a tea or used as an ingredient in various health products, including dietary supplements and skincare items. Chaga is believed to be rich in antioxidants, including a variety of beneficial compounds such as polyphenols, triterpenes, and melanin. These compounds are thought to have immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties.

TMW® Chaga extract is the highest concentration on the market of beta-glucans 1,3 and 1,6. See beta-glucan benefits below.

Benefits

Antioxidant properties: Chaga is known to be rich in antioxidants, which help protect the body against oxidative stress caused by free radicals. Antioxidants can potentially reduce inflammation, support immune function, and help prevent chronic diseases.

Immune system support: Chaga is thought to have immune-enhancing properties. Some studies suggest that Chaga extracts may stimulate certain immune cells, such as natural killer cells and lymphocytes, which play a crucial role in fighting infections and diseases.

Anti-inflammatory effects: Chaga contains anti-inflammatory compounds, such as triterpenes, that may help reduce inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation has been linked to various health conditions, including heart disease, arthritis, and certain cancers.

Liver health support: Chaga has been traditionally used to support liver health. Some studies have shown that Chaga extracts may have protective effects on the liver and help prevent liver damage caused by toxins and oxidative stress.

Blood sugar regulation: Animal studies have indicated that Chaga may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. However, further research is required to understand its effects on human blood sugar control.

Chaga Mushroom effects on the 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Chaga's antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, protecting telomeres from damage and slowing down shortening. Its anti-inflammatory properties also mitigate inflammation-induced telomere shortening. Moreover, Chaga's DNA repair support helps prevent excessive telomere attrition by enhancing DNA repair mechanisms.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Chaga extracts exhibit DNA methyltransferase inhibitory activity, potentially affecting epigenetics through DNA methylation modulation. Chaga's bioactive compounds, like polyphenols, can also influence histone modifications, which may have implications for epigenetic regulation of gene accessibility and expression.

Cellular Senescence:

Chaga’s bioactive compounds have the ability to impact cellular communication by influencing the transmission of signals and signaling pathways between cells. These compounds can also influence the production, release, or activity of intercellular messengers.

Inflammation:

Chaga's bioactive compounds inhibit inflammatory mediators, its antioxidants reduce oxidative stress-induced inflammation, and its immunomodulatory effects promote a balanced immune response.

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Chaga extracts activate the AMPK pathway, promoting autophagy induction and cellular waste clearance. Chaga may also potentially influence the mTOR pathway, affecting autophagy regulation. Its antioxidant effects help maintain autophagic processes and cellular homeostasis by reducing oxidative stress.

Genomic Instability:

Chaga's rich antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, protecting against DNA damage and promoting genomic stability. Additionally, Chaga extracts exhibit DNA repair-enhancing properties, contributing to the maintenance of genomic stability through support of DNA repair mechanisms.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Chaga benefits mitochondrial health and function due to its abundant antioxidants, like polyphenols and melanin, reducing oxidative stress, safeguarding mitochondria from damage and promoting their optimal function. Chaga extracts also enhance energy metabolism and ATP production.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Chaga extracts have shown potential in stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells, which may enhance regenerative capacity. Additionally, Chaga's ability to modulate cellular signaling pathways may influence the behavior and function of stem cells, impacting their growth, differentiation, and survival.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Chaga plays a role in autophagy because its bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, exhibit chaperone activity, aiding in proper protein folding and preventing protein aggregation. Chaga extracts may also induce autophagy, supporting the clearance of damaged or misfolded proteins, and maintaining proteostasis.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing (metabolic disorders):

Chaga extracts potentially benefit glucose metabolism, improving insulin sensitivity and regulating blood sugar levels. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may also help prevent metabolic disorders like diabetes by reducing oxidative damage and inflammation.

Altered Intercellular communication:

Chaga’s bioactive compounds have the ability to impact cellular communication by influencing the transmission of signals and signaling pathways between cells. These compounds can also influence the production, release, or activity of intercellular messengers.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Chaga's polysaccharides act as prebiotics, supporting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and potentially restoring microbial balance. Studies also indicate that Chaga extracts may positively influence gut microbiota diversity, promoting an increase in beneficial bacteria and reducing harmful bacteria.

Sources:

Immunomodulatory Activity of the Water Extract from Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774877/

Recent Developments in Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Application https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124789/

Chaga mushroom extract induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33798660/

A Critical Review on Health Promoting Benefits of Edible Mushrooms through Gut Microbiota

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5618583/

Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes as assessed by comet assay

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15630179/

Interference of Chaga mushroom terpenoids with the attachment of SARS-CoV-2; in silico perspective

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8988443/

Continuous intake of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) aqueous extract suppresses cancer progression and maintains body temperature in mice

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946216/

Overview

Agaricus blazei Murrill, also known as Agaricus brasiliensis or Agaricus subrufescens, is a species of mushroom that is native to the Brazilian rainforest but is now cultivated and consumed worldwide for its potential health benefits. It contains various bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, beta-glucans, ergosterol, and antioxidants, which are believed to contribute to its potential health-promoting effects. It has been studied for its immunomodulatory properties, meaning it may help regulate and strengthen the immune system. Some studies have indicated that it can enhance natural killer cell activity, stimulate the production of cytokines, and exhibit antioxidant effects.

TMW® Agaricus extract is the highest concentration on the market of beta-glucans 1,3 and 1,6. See beta-glucan benefits below.

Benefits

Immune system support: Agaricus blazei Murrill is often praised for its immunomodulatory properties. It may help regulate and enhance the immune system's response, potentially improving immune function and increasing resistance to infections.

Antioxidant activity: Agaricus blazei Murrill contains antioxidants, such as phenols and flavonoids, which can help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and may have anti-aging and disease-fighting effects.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Some research suggests that Agaricus blazei Murrill may have anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic inflammation is associated with various health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. By reducing inflammation, Agaricus blazei Murrill may potentially contribute to the prevention or management of these conditions.

Blood sugar regulation: Preliminary studies have indicated that Agaricus blazei Murrill may have a positive impact on blood sugar levels. It has been reported to enhance insulin sensitivity and improve glucose metabolism. These effects may be beneficial for individuals with diabetes or those at risk of developing the condition.

Agaricus blazei Murrill Mushroom effects on the 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

ABM's antioxidant properties could help reduce oxidative stress, which is one of the factors associated with telomere shortening.

Cellular Senescence:

ABM's antioxidants combat oxidative stress, indirectly preventing the accumulation of senescent cells by reducing cellular damage. Additionally, ABM's immunomodulatory properties enhance immune function, potentially aiding in the identification and elimination of senescent cells through a robust immune response.

Inflammation:

Extracts with β-glucans caused significant up-regulation of immune-related genes, including pro-inflammatory genes IL-1β and IL-8, in a human white blood cell line.

Dysregulated Autophagy:

ABM's antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, indirectly supporting autophagy. Its bioactive compounds may influence autophagy-related signaling pathways like mTOR. ABM's immunomodulatory effects also impact autophagy due to its connection with the immune system.

Genomic Instability:

ABM's antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, indirectly supporting genetic stability by preventing DNA damage. Its anti-inflammatory properties also mitigate inflammation, reducing factors that contribute to genetic instability.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

By reducing oxidative damage, ABM may indirectly support mitochondrial health.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Although it does not impact stem cells directly, by supporting a healthy body ABM can increase the effectiveness of stem cells indirectly.

Loss of Proteostasis:

ABM's antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, indirectly supporting proteostasis by preventing protein misfolding and aggregation through maintaining proper protein folding.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing (metabolic disorders):

ABM's polysaccharides and dietary fibers influence nutrient absorption and metabolism, potentially impacting nutrient sensing and metabolic processes. Studies suggest ABM may regulate blood sugar, affecting glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity, indirectly influencing nutrient sensing and metabolic health.

Altered Intercellular communication:

ABM can regulate communication between immune cells, influencing immune defense and regulation. Its bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides and beta-glucans, interact with cellular signaling pathways, potentially affecting intracellular and intercellular communication processes.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

ABM has been reported to have prebiotic effects, meaning it can serve as a food source for beneficial bacteria in the gut.

Sources:

Agaricus blazei Murill as an efficient hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3730730/

The Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murrill: Review of Literature and Pharmaco-Toxicological Problems
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249742/

Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7285126/

Assessment of antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Agaricus blazei Murill extracts

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fsn3.1310

Beta-glucans are a type of complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) found in various natural sources, including certain grains, fungi, bacteria, and algae. They are composed of glucose molecules linked together in a specific arrangement. These molecules are connected by beta-glycosidic bonds, which gives them their name "beta-glucans.”

Benefits:

Immune system support: Beta-glucans are known for their ability to activate immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells. By stimulating these immune cells, beta-glucans can enhance the body's defense against infections and potentially reduce the risk of certain diseases.

Antioxidant properties: Beta-glucans have shown antioxidant activity, which means they can help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. This antioxidant effect can protect cells from oxidative stress and damage, potentially contributing to overall health and well-being.

Cholesterol reduction: Studies have suggested that consuming beta-glucans, especially from oats and barley, may help lower LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. By reducing LDL cholesterol, beta-glucans may support cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Gut health support: Beta-glucans can act as prebiotics, providing nourishment for beneficial gut bacteria. A healthy gut microbiome is essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall gastrointestinal health.

Anti-inflammatory effects: Beta-glucans have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is linked to various health conditions, and mitigating it may promote better health.

Beta-Glucans 1,3 1,6 effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

By reducing inflammation throughout the body beta glucan (1,3/1,6) protects telomeres from inflammatory damage [10].

Epigenetic Alterations:

By altering the cellular environment through its anti-inflammatory properties, beta glucan (1,3/1,6) might influence epigenetic modifications [1],[2].

Cellular Senescence:

Beta glucans can modulate immune function and may help in the clearance of senescent cells, which can accumulate and contribute to aging and age-related diseases. By boosting immune surveillance, beta glucans may indirectly reduce the negative effects of cellular senescence [11],[12].

Inflammation:

Beta Glucan (1,3/1,6) is an antioxidant which can help reduce oxidative stress and interfere with cells signaling for an inflammatory immune response [1],[2].

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Beta glucan (1,3/1,6) has been observed to increase gene expression of genes responsible for macroautophagy and in dendritic cells increased autophagome production [5].

Genomic instability:

Beta glucan (1,3/1,6)’s antioxidant properties can reduce inflammation, a major cause of DNA damage [7]. This can help in maintaining genomic stability by protecting cells from mutations and preserving the integrity of genetic material.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

“Mitochondria have an important role in pro-inflammatory signaling; similarly, pro-inflammatory mediators may also alter mitochondrial function. Both of these processes increase mitochondrial oxidative stress, promoting a vicious inflammatory cycle” [9]. By reducing inflammation and inflammatory mediators, beta glucan (1,3/1,6) preserves mitochondrial function and health.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Chronic inflammation leads to a buildup of inflammatory mediators which has been shown to lead to protein misfolding and damage [8]. By reducing inflammation beta glucan (1,3/1,6) can indirectly improve proteostasis.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing: “In individuals with type 2 diabetes or metabolic syndrome, as well as in regular participants, adding β-glucan to a portion of food improves insulin sensitivity (including glucose metabolism and insulin response) as well as the meal's GI effects” [4].

Intercelluar Communication:

Beta glucan (1,3/1,6) interacts with immune cell receptors, such as dectin-1, enhancing cell signaling pathways involved in immune responses. This can improve the coordination between different immune cells, leading to a more effective and appropriate immune response [3].

Microbiome Dysbiosis: Beta glucan (1,3/1,6) can be used as a prebiotic. It has been found to increase populations of beneficial bacteria when consumed [6]. This helps keep the gut microbiome in a healthy state.

Sources (General):

Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects

https://www.medicinabiomolecular.com.br/biblioteca/pdfs/Doencas/do-1547.pdf

Antioxidant Activity of β-Glucan

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/125864.pdf

β-glucans and cholesterol (Review)

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/ijmm/41/4/1799

A critical review on the impacts of β-glucans on gut microbiota and human health

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0955286317310070

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of high beta-glucan concentration purified aqueous extract from oat in experimental model of LPS-induced chronic enteritis

[https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38268343/Journal_of_Functional_Foods-libre.pdf?](https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38268343/Journal_of_Functional_Foods-libre.pdf?1437645995=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DAntioxidative_and_anti_inflammatory_effe.pdf&Expires=1689894526&Signature=ANO6e4~MGq86YVjmU2HUSlh8lgdwKYStNcHOeVU~n6CNsmIOGgUq2xLGpbjeWa6Sii3ruYZoYGothSvJ8x1U0YZk~MLX9i3XtpGt-fAC~tEBUlMvQ1BMx8ffdliPxcFL~i-s0~X5TlUrIVdfzrlCL8rst4ZDkLRWitbxbvbhVGFEH93mnzRyW-SPRs8Ypu2PsSPnlNlO~~mdF~zlnkteAR~h-styZJEIFgabGMmzhMlub8kBQzI9SOmC6DKaY85RfQe7Ilg6xztwT5kkU6GIiNrpFL2QztHLsjEtjyultzxzRD0Vd1fee7DndOd~aALlICvg9FVgyInk82S7brm9jQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA)

Sources (12 Hallmarks):

[1] Nutraceutical functions of beta-glucans in human nutrition
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338750734_Nutraceutical_functions_of_beta-glucans_in_human_nutrition

[2] Effect of Barley and Oat Consumption on Immune System, Inflammation and Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380853482_Effect_of_Barley_and_Oat_Consumption_on_Immune_System_Inflammation_and_Gut_Microbiota_A_Systematic_Review_of_Randomized_Controlled_Trials

[3] β-Glucan Size Controls Dectin-1-Mediated Immune Responses in Human Dendritic Cells by Regulating IL-1β Production

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00791/full

[4] Biomedical aspects of beta-glucan on glucose metabolism and its role on primary gene PIK3R1

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1756464622003668

[5] β-Glucan induces autophagy in dendritic cells and influences T-cell differentiation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30088084/

[6] Effect of β-1,3/1,6-glucan on gut microbiota of yellow-feathered broilers

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9448846/

[7] Inflammation-induced DNA damage, mutations and cancer

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568786419300308#:~:text=Inflammation contributes to mutagenesis through,transcription factors%2C and cellular signals.

[8] Inflammatory mediators leading to protein misfolding and uncompetitive/fast off-rate drug therapy for neurodegenerative disorders

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17678953/

[9]Mitochondrial dysfunction and the inflammatory response

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567724913000044

[10] The regulatory feedback of inflammatory signaling and telomere/telomerase complex dysfunction in chronic inflammatory diseases

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531556523000530

[11] β‐1,3/1,6‐Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7816268/

[12] Senescent cell clearance by the immune system: Emerging therapeutic opportunities

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1044532318300654#:~:text=Senescent cell anti-apoptotic pathways,innate and adaptive immune responses.

Overview

Quercetin, a plant pigment, is a potent antioxidant flavonoid and more specifically a flavonol, found mostly in onions, grapes, berries, cherries, broccoli, and citrus fruits. It is a versatile antioxidant known to possess protective abilities against tissue injury induced by various drug toxicities. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are its most well researched and documented benefits.

Studies

Studies have shown that the ingestion of flavonoids reduces the risk of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and certain types of cancer. These effects are due to the physiological activity of flavonoids in the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting low-density lipoproteins oxidation and platelet aggregation, and acting as vasodilators in blood vessels. Quercetin also exerts anti-allergy effects by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells thus acting as a natural antihistamine. Quercetin's ability to prevent allergic effects has tremendous implications for the treatment and prevention of asthma and bronchitis.

Benefits

Antioxidant: antioxidants are used to reduce what are known as “free radicals'' in your body. Free radicals are produced during the course of normal metabolic processes, but the problems arise when the buildup of free radicals overwhelms the amount of antioxidants in the body. These free radicals can start a chain reaction of oxidation reactions on the cellular level which can disrupt the cell membrane, damage proteins and lipids, and cause mutations in DNA. Included below is a list of diseases caused by free radicals and oxidants. Quercetin’s antioxidant and chelating properties help to stop and prevent these free radicals from causing too much cellular damage.

Anti Inflammatory properties: Quercetin is well known to modulate inflammation. It does so by inhibiting the inflammatory enzymes known as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase. This can help reduce chronic and acute inflammation. In a study on rats with arthritis, doses of quercetin were clearly seen to reduce the symptoms compared to the untreated control group.

Cellular health: Quercetin has been found to modulate various cellular processes that are crucial for healthy aging. It can activate certain proteins and pathways involved in DNA repair, cellular stress response, and longevity. By supporting cellular health and resilience, quercetin may have positive effects on lifespan.

Anti-carcinogenic properties: Quercetin has potent anticarcinogenic properties and is known to contribute as an apoptosis inductor whereby it decreases the growth of tumor in the brain, liver, colon, and other tissues and inhibits the spread of malignant cells. (In the study done on anti-carcinogenic properties, the patients were given a combination of quercetin and curcumin). In cancer cells, quercetin was also found to inhibit the growth and activity of telomerase. Telomerase is responsible for maintaining telomeres. In cancer cells, this if favorable because it hinders their proliferation that would otherwise be essentially indefinite.

Neurodegenerative Protection: Quercetin along with ascorbic acid reduces the incidence of oxidative damage to human lymphocytes and neurovascular structures in the skin and inhibits damage to neurons. It is known to protect brain cells against oxidative stress, which damages tissue leading to Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological conditions.

Cardiovascular health: In a study done by Greek cardiologists on thirty men who already had coronary heart disease (CHD) on the consumption of red grape polyphenol extract rich in quercetin caused an increase in flow-mediated dilation of major arteries, a potent indicator of improved endothelial health. Quercetin inhibits platelet aggregation and improves the health of the endothelium. In addition to that, it also protects against CHD (Congenital heart defects) and reduces the risk of mortality caused by low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol).

Quercetin as an Antidepressant *(Emerging research)*: From “Antidepressant Potential of Quercetin…” : At present, few clinical trials have applied quercetin as a single drug to explore its pharmacological effects. Additionally, no relevant clinical trials have evaluated its antidepressant effects. Thus, we retrieved clinical studies using Chinese herbal formulas as interventions in which quercetin was the main component (Sun et al., 2018; Li et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2021). For example, the effects of Chaihu Shugansan in improving depression when used as monotherapy were significantly better than antidepressants such as fluoxetine, paroxetine, and duloxetine, and were comparable to these antidepressants in enhancing recovery rate (Wang et al., 2012). Danzhi Xiaoyaosan has similar clinical comprehensive effects to antidepressants (Wang et al., 2021b). Therefore, quercetin can work synergistically with other components to improve depression. Meanwhile, clinical trials evaluating the antidepressant effects of quercetin as a monotherapy are still required.

Quercetin Effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Quercetin indirectly impacts telomeres through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties mitigate telomere attrition. It also has been shown to inhibit inhibiting the maintenance of telomeres in cancer cells.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Quercetin can benefit epigenetics by influencing DNA methylation and therefore positively affecting gene expression.

Cellular Senescence:

Quercetin indirectly influences cellular senescence through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by mitigating chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are known contributors to senescence-related processes.

Inflammation:

Quercetin is recognized for its ability to modulate inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase enzymes, leading to a reduction in chronic and acute inflammation.

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Quercetin induces autophagy in cancer cells and neurons by increasing autophagosome formation through its impact on key signaling pathways, notably the activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, a known stimulator of autophagy.

Genomic Instability:

Quercetin is very beneficial for genomic stability because it scavenges ROS to reduce oxidative stress and damage to DNA.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Quercetin has positive effects on mitochondrial health because of its promotion of biogenesis, antioxidant properties, and enhancement of ATP production.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Quercetin has been observed to promote the proliferation and self-renewal of specific stem cell types, such as neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, and it can also influence the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) in laboratory studies.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Quercetin helps maintain proteostasis by chaperoning proteins to fold properly as well as aiding in the degradation of damaged or misfolded proteins.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Quercetin affects nutrient sensing by modulating pathways like AMPK and mTOR, influencing cellular energy balance and metabolism.

Intercellular Communication:

Quercetin is able to modulate cellular communication and interactions between cells by affecting signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell survival.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Quercetin impacts dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria and reducing inflammation to protect those bacteria.

Sources:

NIH: “Overviews of Biological Importance of Quercetin: A Bioactive Flavonoid” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5214562/#:~:text=Quercetin%2C a plant pigment is,induced by various drug toxicities.

NIH: “Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3249911/

Therapeutic and preventive properties of quercetin in experimental arthritis correlate with decreased macrophage inflammatory mediators: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295206004965

Antidepressant Potential of Quercetin and its Glycoside Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review and Update: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9024056/

Overview

Sodium hyaluronate is a form of hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring substance found in the human body. It is commonly used in medical and cosmetic applications. Sodium hyaluronate has a high molecular weight and is derived from hyaluronic acid through a process called sodium salt formation. Due to its biocompatibility and non-immunogenic nature, sodium hyaluronate is generally well-tolerated and considered safe for use.

Why ULMW (Ultra Low Molecular Weight)?

The majority of orally taken Hyaluronic Acid is non-absorbable due to its large molecular size. TMW® uses ULMW (ultra low molecular weight) HA to ensure maximum absorption. You may ask, why don't all companies offer ULMW? The answer is simple: cost. ULMW is anywhere from 10-15x more expensive than larger standard HA.

Benefits

Joint Health: HA is a major component of synovial fluid, which lubricates joints. Oral consumption can help maintain joint health, reducing inflammation and pain associated with conditions like osteoarthritis. This can promote mobility and independence in older age.

Skin Hydration: HA is known for its exceptional water-binding capacity. Oral intake can improve skin hydration from within, reducing wrinkles and maintaining skin elasticity. This not only has aesthetic benefits but also helps maintain the skin's barrier function, which is crucial for preventing infections and environmental damage.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects: Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of aging and is linked to many age-related diseases. HA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties, potentially slowing down the aging process and reducing the risk of age-related diseases.

Antioxidant Properties: HA acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing harmful free radicals that cause oxidative stress. This stress is a major contributor to cellular aging. By reducing oxidative damage, HA may help protect DNA and cellular structures, slowing down the aging process.

Bone Health: Studies suggest that HA plays a role in bone metabolism. It may help maintain bone density by influencing osteoblast (bone-forming cells) and osteoclast (bone-resorbing cells) activity, which is crucial in preventing osteoporosis, a common condition in the elderly.

Gut Health: The gut microbiome plays a significant role in longevity. HA has been found to support gut health by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and maintaining the integrity of the gut lining. This can enhance nutrient absorption and prevent harmful substances from entering the bloodstream.

Eye Health: As we age, our eyes produce less HA, leading to dry eyes and potential vision problems. Oral HA supplementation can help maintain eye hydration and possibly slow down age-related eye conditions like macular degeneration.

Cognitive Function: Some research suggests that HA may have neuroprotective effects. It could help maintain the health of brain cells and support cognitive function, which is a key aspect of healthy aging.

Wound Healing: HA is involved in tissue repair processes. Better wound healing is particularly important for older adults, as their healing capacity decreases with age, making them more susceptible to complications from injuries.

Potential Anti-Glycation Effects: Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated due to exposure to sugars. AGEs are implicated in various age-related diseases. Some studies suggest that HA may have anti-glycation properties, which could slow down this aspect of aging.

Hyaluronic Acid Effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Cellular Senescence:

Sodium hyaluronate's anti-inflammatory properties reduce inflammation, potentially mitigating cellular senescence and age-related diseases, while promoting tissue repair and regeneration, indirectly influencing cellular senescence by maintaining tissue homeostasis and reducing senescent cell accumulation.

Inflammation:

Sodium hyaluronate reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory molecules and modulating the inflammatory response through suppressing mediator expression and immune cell recruitment to inflamed tissues.

Genomic Instability:

Maintaining tissue health and cellular integrity with substances like sodium hyaluronate indirectly impacts genomic stability. For instance, promoting tissue repair and wound healing may create a favorable environment for cellular processes, including DNA repair mechanisms.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Sodium hyaluronate could potentially contribute to supporting overall cellular function, including mitochondrial function by promoting tissue repair and creating a favorable cellular environment.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Sodium hyaluronate interacts with stem cells through cell surface receptors like CD44, influencing their behavior in proliferation, differentiation, and migration. It is used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to enhance stem cell-based therapies.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Sodium hyaluronate contributes to maintaining proteostasis by promoting cell survival, modulating inflammatory responses, and enhancing tissue repair processes through creating a favorable cellular environment.

Intercellular Communication:

Sodium hyaluronate influences cellular communication through interactions with cell surface receptors, facilitating cell adhesion, migration, and signaling. It is a vital component of the extracellular matrix, providing structural support and elasticity to tissues.

Sources

Joint Health:

Oe, M., et al. (2016). "Oral hyaluronan relieves knee pain: a review." Nutrition Journal, 15(1), 11.

Tashiro, T., et al. (2012). "Oral Administration of Polymer Hyaluronic Acid Alleviates Symptoms of Knee Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study over a 12-Month Period." The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 167928.

Skin Hydration:

Kawada, C., et al. (2014). "Ingested hyaluronan moisturizes dry skin." Nutrition Journal, 13, 70.

Oe, M., et al. (2017). "Oral hyaluronan relieves wrinkles: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled study over a 12-week period." Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 10, 267-273.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects:

Asari, A., et al. (2010). "Oral administration of high molecular weight hyaluronan (900 kDa) controls immune system via Toll-like receptor 4 in the intestinal epithelium." Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(32), 24751-24758.

Antioxidant Properties:

Ke, C., et al. (2011). "Antioxidant activity of low molecular weight hyaluronic acid"

Bone Health:

Xu Cui, "Hyaluronic acid facilitates bone repair effects of calcium phosphate cement by accelerating osteogenic expression" Bioact Mater.2021 Nov; 6(11): 3801–3811.

Gut Health:

Asari, A., et al. (2010). "Oral administration of high molecular weight hyaluronan (900 kDa) controls immune system via Toll-like receptor 4 in the intestinal epithelium." Journal of Biological Chemistry, 285(32), 24751-24758.

Xu Cui, et.al. "A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of sodium hyaluronate on Helicobacter pylori-related chronic gastritis." Bioact Mater.2021 Nov; 6(11): 3801–3811.

Eye Health:

Kim, Y, et al. (2019). "Oral Hyaluronic Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: A Pilot Study" J Ophthalmol. 2019; 2019: 5491626.

Cognitive Function:

Sherman, L. S., et al. (2015). "Hyaluronan Synthesis, Catabolism, and Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Int J Cell Biol v.2015; 2015 PMC4581574 (This paper discusses HA's role in brain function, though more direct studies on cognitive benefits are needed)

Wound Healing:

D'Agostino, A., et al. (2015). "In vitro analysis of the effects on wound healing of high- and low-molecular weight chains of hyaluronan and their hybrid H-HA/L-HA complexes" BMC Cell Biol. 2015 Jul 11:16:19.

Additional sources on HA's role in longevity:

Vigetti, D., et al. (2014). "Hyaluronan: biosynthesis and signaling." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects, 1840(8), 2452-2459. (Provides an overview of HA's biological roles, many of which are related to aging processes)

Overview

TMW® uses high-concentration phosphatidylcholine, not just for creating the best and real liposomes, but also for its myriad health benefits.

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) plays an important role in the formation and renewal of the cell membranes as well as in the regeneration of damaged cells. Supplementation showed positive effects on liver regeneration and the blood lipid status. Furthermore, PC is a natural source of the vitamin-like nutrient choline that can be marketed with several health claims approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is an essential phospholipid that forms a major component of cell membranes in all living organisms. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and fluidity of these membranes, which are vital for proper cellular function.

Cell membranes act as selective barriers, regulating the movement of molecules in and out of cells, while also serving as a platform for various cellular processes. The unique structure of PC, with a hydrophilic (water-loving) head group and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) fatty acid tails, makes it an ideal building block for the lipid bilayer that forms the foundation of cell membranes.

The hydrophobic fatty acid tails of PC molecules align together, forming the inner core of the membrane, while the hydrophilic head groups face outward, interacting with the aqueous environments inside and outside the cell. This arrangement creates a stable, yet dynamic, structure that allows for the selective permeability and fluidity necessary for cellular processes.

PC is also involved in the formation of membrane proteins and lipid rafts, which are specialized regions within the membrane that play crucial roles in cell signaling, protein trafficking, and various other cellular functions. The ability of PC to modulate membrane fluidity is essential for maintaining the proper conformation and function of these membrane-bound proteins and lipid rafts.

Additionally, PC serves as a precursor for several important signaling molecules, such as phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol, which are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and metabolism.

The dynamic nature of cell membranes, with constant movement and reorganization of lipids and proteins, requires a continuous supply of PC to maintain their integrity and function. Adequate levels of PC are therefore essential for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, and organs throughout the body.

Benefits

Cell membrane structure and function: PC is a major component of cell membranes, contributing to their structural integrity and fluidity.

It helps maintain the proper function of cell membranes, which is essential for cellular communication, nutrient transport, and waste removal.

Brain health and cognitive function: PC is abundant in the brain and plays a role in the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory, learning, and cognitive function.

It has been studied for its potential benefits in improving cognitive performance, memory, and reducing the risk of age-related cognitive decline.

PC may also have neuroprotective effects, helping to protect brain cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation

Liver health: PC is a precursor for the production of bile, which is necessary for fat digestion and the elimination of toxins from the body.

It supports liver health by promoting the proper flow of bile and preventing the accumulation of fat and toxins in the liver.

Cardiovascular health: PC is a major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good" cholesterol.

It helps promote healthy cholesterol levels and may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by preventing the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which can contribute to plaque formation in arteries.

PC has been shown to improve endothelial function, which is crucial for maintaining healthy blood vessels and proper blood flow.

Cardiovascular diseases like atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease are associated with a disordered fat metabolism.

Phosphatidylcholine has a positive impact on blood lipid levels, for instance by supporting the transport of cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues, making PC beneficial for the cardiovascular system.

Gut health: PC is a precursor to phosphatidic acid, which plays a role in the maintenance of the gut mucosal barrier.

It may help improve gut barrier function, preventing the leakage of harmful substances from the gut into the bloodstream.

PC can also support the growth and proliferation of beneficial gut bacteria, contributing to a healthy gut microbiome.

Antioxidant properties: PC has been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties, helping to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress in the body.

Reproductive health: PC is a component of sperm membranes and plays a role in embryonic development, making it potentially beneficial for reproductive health.

Phosphatidylcholine effects on the 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

By protecting DNA through membrane structures [4] and reducing oxidative stress [10], PC helps to keep telomeres (and therefore the encoding DNA attached) healthy.

Epigenetic Alterations: PC influences epigenetic modifications indirectly through its role in methylation processes. The choline structure of PC is a source of methyl groups for DNA and histone methylation, impacting gene expression and epigenetic regulation [9].

Cellular Senescence:

PC was shown to protect against the negative effects of cellular senescence as well as reducing reactive oxidative species in cholangiocyte cells with LPC induced cellular senescence [1]. PC’s antioxidant properties also inherently help to reduce cellular senescence [1].

Inflammation:

PC has anti-inflammatory properties. It can modulate the activity of inflammatory pathways, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PC supplementation has been shown to lower inflammation markers in various models, potentially benefiting conditions like fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and ulcerative colitis [2,3].

Dysregulated Autophagy:

PC is necessary for the formation of autophagosomes, which are involved in macroautophagy. Adequate levels of PC are required for the proper function of autophagic processes that degrade and recycle cellular components [6].

Genomic instability: Because PC is the most abundant phospholipid in mammalian cellular membranes [4], it makes sense that PC is crucial for maintaining the integrity of cell membranes, including nuclear membranes. This stability is essential for protecting DNA from damage. PC deficiency can lead to membrane dysfunction and genomic instability.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Along the same lines as genomic stability, PC is a component of mitochondrial membranes [4] and is essential for mitochondrial function. It affects mitochondrial membrane integrity and the prevention of oxidative stress [10]. PC deficiency can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and associated metabolic issues.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Apart from contributing to the membranes of stem cells [4], PC has been shown to increase successful differentiation of neuronal stem cells in spite of inflammatory factors after injury [11]. This results in an increase in the population of healthy normal neurons.

Loss of Proteostasis:

PC contributes to the maintenance of proteostasis by affecting membrane fluidity and the function of membrane-bound proteases and chaperones. This can influence the folding, trafficking, and degradation of proteins [4].

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Animal studies showed that PPC has protective effects against lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and hepatic fibrosis, and thus can be used for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the prevention of its further progression [5].\

Intercelluar Communication:

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant phospholipid in mammalian cellular membranes and plays an important structural role in membranes and lipoproteins. As well, PC participates in signal transduction by providing a major source of lipid second messengers [4].

Sources (General):

Cell membrane structure and function:

Cui, Z., & Houweling, M. (2002). Phosphatidylcholine and cell death. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1585(2-3), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-1981(02)00331-7

Ridgway, N. D., & McLeod, R. S. (2016). Biochemistry of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes (6th ed.). Elsevier Science.

Brain health and cognitive function:

Chung, S. Y., Moriyama, T., Uezu, E., Uezu, K., Hirata, R., Yohena, N., ... & Kokubo, T. (1995). Administration of phosphatidylcholine increases brain acetylcholine concentration and improves memory in mice with dementia. The Journal of Nutrition, 125(6), 1484-1489. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/125.6.1484

Kidd, P. M. (2007). Alzheimer's disease, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, and age-associated memory impairment: current understanding and progress toward integrative prevention. Alternative Medicine Review, 12(2), 85-115.

Liver health:

Lieber, C. S., Robins, S. J., Li, J., DeCarli, L. M., Mak, K. M., Fasulo, J. M., & Leo, M. A. (1994). Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology, 106(1), 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(94)90560-6

Cao, Y., Ying, X., Li, W., Xiong, C., Wang, Y., Ma, Q., ... & Yu, C. (2023). Phosphatidylcholine supplementation attenuates liver injury and inflammation in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Nutrients, 15(2), 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020316

Cardiovascular health:

Dai, J., Luo, Z., Lu, J., Chen, Y., Li, S., Sun, H., ... & Cao, Z. (2022). Phosphatidylcholine decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-deficient mice by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13, 839436. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.839436

Nikkila, J., Virkkunen, A., Ala-Korpela, M., & Soininen, P. (2022). Phosphatidylcholine and human health: insights from a comprehensive lipid profiling approach. Nutrition Reviews, 80(3), 631-648. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuab027

Gut health:

Stremmel, W., Merle, U., Zahn, A., Autschbach, F., Hinz, U., & Ehehalt, R. (2005). Retarded release phosphatidylcholine benefits patients with chronic ulcerative colitis. Gut, 54(7), 966-971. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.052316

Kuipers, F., Bloks, V. W., & Groen, A. K. (2014). Beyond intestinal bile acid sequestration: the pleiotropic effects of cholestyramine in liver, metabolism and beyond. Gastroenterology, 146(4), 1145-1153. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2014.02.032

Sources (12 Hallmarks):

[1] Protective effect of phosphatidylcholine on lysophosphatidylcholine-induced cellular senescence in cholangiocyte

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jhbp.684

[2] Anti-inflammatory action of a phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-enriched diet in carrageenan-induced pleurisy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18987473/#:~:text=Background%2Faims%3A Phosphatidylcholine (PC,the%20PC%20and%20endocannabinoid%20metabolisms.

[3] Anti-inflammatory effects of phosphatidylcholine

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693065/

[4] Phosphatidylcholine breakdown and signal transduction

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005276094901864

[5] Effectiveness of phosphatidylcholine as adjunctive therapy in improving liver function tests in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic comorbidities: real-life observational study from Russia

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170405

[6] Phospholipid imbalance impairs autophagosome completion

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9713711/

[7] Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09922

[8] Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine: a novel insight in the cardiovascular risk scenario

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526767/

[9] Metabolic, Epigenetic, and Transgenerational Effects of Gut Bacterial Choline Consumption

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599363/

[10] Dietary phosphatidylcholine affects growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848621004774

[11] Phosphatidylcholine restores neuronal plasticity of neural stem cells under inflammatory stress

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34819604/

Overview

Choline is an essential nutrient that, while not technically a vitamin, is often grouped with B-complex vitamins due to its similar functions. It's a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory, mood, muscle control, and other brain and nervous system functions.

The choline in our products is derived from our premium high concentration Phosphatidylcholine.

Given its diverse and critical roles, maintaining adequate choline levels through diet or supplementation is crucial for overall health, particularly for brain function, liver health, and fetal development.

Benefits:

Cell membrane integrity:

Choline is a key component of phosphatidylcholine, a major constituent of cell membranes. This helps maintain cellular structure and function.

Cognitive health:

Choline is necessary for the synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning [1]. This neurotransmitter affects memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement, and deficiencies of acetylcholine are associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis [2]. Supplementation can support cognitive function and reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

Liver Health:

Choline is required for liver function and helps prevent liver diseases. Adequate choline intake can help prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by facilitating the transport and metabolism of fats out of the liver before they accumulate [3].

Fetal development:

During pregnancy, adequate choline intake is critical for proper brain and spinal cord development in the fetus.

Methylation processes:

Choline acts as a methyl donor in various biochemical processes, including DNA methylation, which is important for gene expression regulation.

Lipid metabolism:

It aids in the transport and metabolism of lipids and cholesterol.

Homocysteine regulation:

Choline helps convert homocysteine to methionine, potentially reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with high homocysteine levels.

Choline effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

By contributing to the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, choline protects DNA through membrane structures [12] and reducing oxidative stress [13], PC helps to keep telomeres (and therefore the encoding DNA attached) healthy.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Choline is a source of methyl groups in the methylation cycle, impacting DNA methylation and gene expression. It plays a critical role in epigenetic regulation, influencing gene expression patterns across generations [10].

Cellular Scenescence:

Choline, as a biosynthetic precursor to phosphatidylcholine through the CDP-Choline pathway, plays an important role in maintaining cellular membrane integrity and function, which can impact cellular senescence [1]. Adequate choline levels can help delay cellular aging and senescence by supporting membrane fluidity and cellular signaling.

Inflammation:

*See Phosphatidylcholine

Dysregulated Autophagy:

*See Phosphatidylcholine

Genomic instability:

“Choline is an important source of methyl-groups for synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine which is needed for epigenetic marking of DNA and histones […] Choline also influences histone methylation (see above), which in turn is important for the activation of DNA damage response pathways that consist of complex signaling networks that detect and repair DNA damage before the cell divides”

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

*See Phosphatidylcholine

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

A deficiency of choline causes a reduction of the proliferation and differentiation of neuronal stem cells [15]. This severely decreases the survival of newly generated neruons and could lead to impairments in important mental functions.

Loss of Proteostasis:

By contributing to the production of phosphatidylcholine, choline helps support the organelles of the cell that are responsible for protein production and transport such as the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus [14].

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Choline is involved in lipid metabolism and helps prevent fatty liver disease by promoting the export of triglycerides from the liver. It also plays a role in one-carbon metabolism, which is crucial for nutrient sensing and metabolic regulation [6].

Intercelluar Communication:

Choline along with acetyl coenzyme A are used by the body to produce acetylcholine [4]. This neurotransmitter affects memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement, and deficiencies of acetylcholine are associated with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and myasthenia gravis [5].

Sources (General):

[1] Acetylcholine

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11143/

[2] Acetylcholine (ACh)

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24568-acetylcholine-ach

[3] Choline: Fact Sheet For Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/

Sources (12 Hallmarks):

[1] The Major Sites of Cellular Phospholipid Synthesis and Molecular Determinants of Fatty Acid and Lipid Head Group Specificity

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124149/

[2] Anti-inflammatory action of a phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-enriched diet in carrageenan-induced pleurisy

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18987473/#:~:text=Background%2Faims%3A Phosphatidylcholine (PC,the%20PC%20and%20endocannabinoid%20metabolisms.

[3] Anti-inflammatory effects of phosphatidylcholine

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693065/

[4] Acetylcholine Synthesis and Metabolism

https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/research-and-disease-areas/cell-signaling/acetylcholine-synthesis-and-metabolism

[5] Acetylcholine (ACh)

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24568-acetylcholine-ach

[6] The Effects of Choline on Hepatic Lipid Metabolism, Mitochondrial Function and Antioxidative Status in Human Hepatic C3A Cells Exposed to Excessive Energy Substrates

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113756/

[7] Phospholipid imbalance impairs autophagosome completion

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9713711/

[8] Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature09922

[9] Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine: a novel insight in the cardiovascular risk scenario

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4526767/

[10] Metabolic, Epigenetic, and Transgenerational Effects of Gut Bacterial Choline Consumption

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5599363/

[11] Dietary Choline Deficiency causes DNA Strand Breaks and Alters Epigenetic Marks on DNA and Histones

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3319504

[12] Phosphatidylcholine breakdown and signal transduction

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005276094901864

[13] Dietary phosphatidylcholine affects growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0044848621004774

[14] Depletion of phosphatidylcholine affects endoplasmic reticulum morphology and protein traffic at the Golgi complex

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2759824/

[15] Methionine-Choline Deprivation Impairs Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in C57BL/6 Mice

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30990755/

Overview

Our Magnesium is dervied from magnesium glycinate (a.k.a magnesium 2-aminoacetate) is a supplement form of magnesium that combines the mineral magnesium with the amino acid glycine.

Magnesium itself is an essential mineral that plays numerous important roles in the body, such as supporting muscle and nerve function, maintaining heart rhythm, and contributing to bone strength.

When magnesium is combined with glycine, it is believed to enhance the absorption and bioavailability of magnesium in the body.

Benefits

Heart health: Magnesium is involved in maintaining a healthy heart rhythm and blood pressure regulation. Adequate magnesium levels may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which can impact longevity.

Bone health: Magnesium is essential for maintaining strong bones and teeth. It aids in the absorption and metabolism of calcium, another mineral crucial for bone health. Healthy bones can help prevent fractures and maintain mobility as you age.

Muscle function: Magnesium is necessary for proper muscle function and relaxation. It supports muscle contraction and can help alleviate muscle cramps, spasms, and soreness. Maintaining muscle health is important for maintaining mobility and overall physical well-being.

Sleep quality: Magnesium glycinate, due to its glycine content, may have a calming effect and promote better sleep. Quality sleep is essential for various aspects of health, including cognitive function, immune system regulation, and overall vitality.

Stress reduction: Magnesium is involved in the regulation of stress hormones, such as cortisol. Adequate magnesium levels may help mitigate the negative effects of chronic stress, which can impact longevity by contributing to various health issues.

Antidepressant: In some cases, depression can be caused by a lack of magnesium in nueron channels, as well as a buildup of calcium. This depressive state is then exacerbated by high levels of stress. Magnesium has a twofold benefit in these cases because it reduces cortisol levels and therefore stress, while at the same time repleneshing the magnesium deficiency.

Skin health: Glycine is involved in the synthesis of collagen, which is important for maintaining healthy skin. Some evidence suggests that glycine supplementation may support skin elasticity, wound healing, and overall skin health.

Magnesium effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Magnesium affects telomere maintenance by playing a role in DNA replication and repair processes and potentially regulating telomerase activity, while also serving as a key ion in cellular metabolism and DNA/RNA stabilization within the MTR trinity, tightly linked to telomere structure and function regulation.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Magnesium affects gene regulation through histone modifications and DNA methylation, and studies suggest that magnesium deficiency may impact gene expression by altering DNA methylation patterns.

Cellular Scenescence:

Magnesium deficiency leads to accelerated cellular senescence due to its pivotal role in over 300 enzymatic reactions in the body, essential for DNA and protein synthesis, energy production, and maintaining normal cell function.

Inflammation:

Magnesium is involved in many enzymatic reactions in the body that regulate inflammation. It can modulate the production and activity of inflammatory markers, such as cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP).

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Magnesium affects autophagy-regulating enzymes like PI3K, and its deficiency is linked to impaired autophagy in specific tissues, suggesting a potential role for magnesium in modulating autophagic processes.

Genomic instability:

Magnesium is essential for genomic stability, serving as a cofactor for enzymes in DNA repair and replication processes, thus maintaining DNA integrity and ensuring accurate genetic material duplication.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Magnesium is beneficial for mitochondrial health because it is vital for ATP production, acts as an antioxidant to protect against oxidative stress, and maintains proper calcium balance to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Magnesium is involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, which are critical processes for stem cells.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Magnesium plays a role in protein folding and stabilization. It interacts with negatively charged residues in proteins, promoting proper folding and preventing protein misfolding and aggregation.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Magnesium influences nutrient-sensing pathways, like mTOR and AMPK, responsible for cellular energy status and metabolic homeostasis. It is also associated with insulin resistance*.

Intercelluar Communication:

Magnesium's crucial impact on cellular communication lies in its regulation of ion channels, proteins in cell membranes that control the passage of ions like calcium, potassium, and sodium, thereby influencing cell signaling and communication.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Conservative dietary magnesium consumption is associated with a microbiota with a higher capacity to harvest energy from the diet.

Sources:

Magnesium Fact sheet for health professionals: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/

Rapid recovery from major depression usind magnesium treatment: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16542786/

Oral Mg(2+) supplementation reverses age-related neuroendocrine and sleep EEG changes in humans: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12163983/

Effect of Dietary Magnesium Content on Intestinal Microbiota of Rats
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7551274/

Multifarious Beneficial Effect of Nonessential Amino Acid, Glycine: A Review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28337245/

Magnesium Glycinate Supplementation in Bariatric Surgery Patients and Physically Fit Young Adults: https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.lb291

Insights into the Role of Magnesium Ions in Affecting Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12011-020-02183-y

Overview

Glycine is a non-essential amino acid crucial for various physiological functions within the human body. As a building block of proteins, it plays a fundamental role in the formation of collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, vital for skin, connective tissues, and joint health. Additionally, glycine acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, contributing to cognitive function, sleep regulation, and maintaining a healthy mood.

Benefits:

Sleep improvement: Glycine may enhance sleep quality by lowering core body temperature and increasing serotonin levels, which helps regulate sleep-wake cycles. Studies have shown it can reduce the time it takes to fall asleep and improve overall sleep satisfaction.

Cognitive function: Glycine acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and may improve memory and mental performance. It's thought to enhance cognitive function by supporting the production of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant that protects brain cells.

Heart health: Glycine may help reduce several risk factors for heart disease, including lowering blood pressure and decreasing triglyceride levels. It also supports the body's production of creatine, which is beneficial for heart muscle function.

Anti-inflammatory effects: Glycine has been shown to reduce inflammation by suppressing the activation of inflammatory cells and decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This can potentially help in managing various inflammatory conditions.

Muscle and joint health: As a component of creatine, glycine supports muscle growth and strength. It's also a key component of collagen, which is crucial for maintaining healthy joints and connective tissues.

Blood sugar regulation: Glycine may improve insulin sensitivity, helping the body process glucose more effectively. Some studies suggest it could be beneficial for managing symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Digestive health: Glycine is a component of bile acids, which are essential for fat digestion. It also supports the production of glutathione, which helps protect the digestive tract from oxidative stress.

Skin health: As a major component of collagen, glycine plays a crucial role in maintaining skin elasticity and hydration. It may help reduce visible signs of aging and support wound healing.

Glycine effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Glycine’s role in the production of the antioxidant glutathione helps keep telomeres healthy by reducing the oxidative damage done to them [10].

Epigenetic Alterations:

Glycine contributes to the methyl group donor SAMe which can donate methyl groups to histones and DNA. [7]

Cellular Senescence:

Glycine is used in the production of glutathione, which is the body’s most abundant intracellular antioxidant and an excellent antioxidant due to its thionyl group [2]. Glycine therefore indirectly reduces cellular senescence by helping to create antioxidants which reduce oxidative damage to DNA.

Inflammation:

Inflammation caused by oxidative stress is a response by the body’s immune system to heal the oxidative damage [2]. Many cases of chronic lung inflammation are caused by deficient glycine levels and oxidative stress from smoking and air pollutants [1]. glycine can be used to reduce the oxidative damage in these areas, therefore reducing the immune system’s response and lowering inflammation [1][2].

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Excessive oxidative stress can cause early cell death and macroautophagy [12]. Glycine helps in the production of glutathione, the most abundant intracellular antioxidant, meaning that it helps to prevent premature macroautophagy of cells.

Genomic instability:

One of the major causes of genome deterioration is oxidative stress. By assisting in the production of glutathione, glycine helps to protect telomeres and genomes themselves from oxidative damage. [11]

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Glycine supports mitochondrial function by participating in the synthesis of heme, a component of cytochromes involved in the electron transport chain. It can enhance energy production and reduce mitochondrial dysfunction.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Glycine was found to play a role in the pluripotency (the ability to become any cell type) in stem cells. “The glycine cleavage system (GCS) is highly activated to promote stem cell pluripotency and during somatic cell reprogramming” [9].

Loss of Proteostasis:

Glycine is an amino acid used in the production of various proteins. For example its presence in collagen helps to support a trihelical structure. Due to its small size it is also used for the purpose of supporting structures in other proteins.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Glycine can improve insulin sensitivity and influence metabolic pathways. It is involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, which can be beneficial in managing metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Increased glycine levels are also associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. [4] “Glycine supplementation can improve deficient glutathione synthesis in type 2 diabetic patients, and glutathione supplementation can improve insulin sensitivity in nondiabetic individuals”[5].

Intercelluar Communication:

Glycine is used as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. As an inhibitory neurotransmitter, it participates in the processing of motor and sensory information that permits movement, vision, and audition. [3]

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Glycine can support gut health by promoting the production of protective mucus in the gastrointestinal tract and maintaining the integrity of the gut lining. This can help prevent dysbiosis. [6]

Sources:

National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Office of Dietary Supplements. (2020). "Glycine - Fact Sheet for Health Professionals." Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Glycine-HealthProfessional/

Hui, S., Ghergurovich, J. M., Morscher, R. J., Jang, C., Teng, X., Lu, W., ... & Cantley, L. C. (2017). "Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate." Nature, 551(7678), 115-118.

12 hallmarks

[1] Regulation of glutathione in inflammation and chronic lung diseases

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0027510705002514

[2] Environmental toxicity, redox signaling and lung inflammation: The role of glutathione

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098299708000526

[3] Glycine neurotransmitter transporters: an update

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09687680010028762

[4] Insulin resistance and glycine metabolism in humans (abstract)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-017-2508-0

[5] Genetic Variants Associated With Glycine Metabolism and Their Role in Insulin Sensitivity and Type 2 Diabetes

https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/62/6/2141/15667/Genetic-Variants-Associated-With-Glycine

[6] Glycine regulates mucosal immunity and the intestinal microbial composition in weaned piglets (abstract)

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00726-021-02976-y

[7]Glycine N-Methyltransferase and Regulation of S-Adenosylmethionine Levels*

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755656/

[8]Heme Synthesis

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167488906001121/pdfft

[9] Glycine cleavage system determines the fate of pluripotent stem cells via the regulation of senescence and epigenetic modifications

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6765226/

[10] The impact of oxidative DNA damage and stress on telomere homeostasis

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047637418300526

[11] DNA damage by oxidative stress: Measurement strategies for two genomes

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468202017301341

[12] Oxidative Stress and Autophagy

https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ym-QDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA37&dq=macroautophagy+oxidative+damage&ots=ibbP1PPtVh&sig=9R6wffR0lyWuuBiGIby-rXyVN8I

Overview

A recent study whose results were published in Science Magazine found that "[t]he median life span of taurine-treated mice increased by 10 to 12%, and life expectancy at 28 months increased by about 18 to 25%. A meaningful antiaging therapy should not only improve life span but also health span, the period of healthy living."

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn9257

Taurine is a naturally occurring compound found in the body, particularly in the brain, heart, and muscles. Although it is commonly known as an amino acid, it technically lacks a carboxyl group and therefore is not an amino acid. It serves several important functions and is involved in neurotransmission, cardiovascular regulation, and antioxidant activity.

Benefits

Cardiovascular health: Taurine has been found to have positive effects on various aspects of cardiovascular health. It may help regulate blood pressure, improve lipid profiles by reducing levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, and enhance arterial function. Taurine's antioxidant properties may also contribute to protecting the heart from oxidative stress.

Exercise performance and muscle function: Taurine has been linked to improved exercise performance and muscle function. It may help reduce exercise-induced oxidative stress, improve endurance, and delay fatigue. Taurine's role in regulating calcium levels in muscle cells may also support muscle contractility and overall performance.

Eye health: Taurine is found in high concentrations in the retina, where it plays a crucial role in visual function. It has been associated with the protection of retinal cells against oxidative damage and may contribute to maintaining optimal vision.

Brain function and neurological health: Taurine acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the brain, and research suggests it may have neuroprotective properties. Some studies indicate that taurine supplementation may support cognitive function, memory, and learning, as well as potentially have a positive impact on neurological disorders such as epilepsy.

Antioxidant effects: Taurine exhibits antioxidant properties, which help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. This antioxidant activity may contribute to various health benefits, including protection against oxidative stress-related diseases and the aging process.

Taurine effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Taurine's antioxidant properties reduce oxidative stress, indirectly supporting telomere integrity and slowing down telomere shortening, which is associated with accelerated aging.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Taurine influences DNA methylation and histone modifications, key epigenetic modifications involved in epigenetics. It can potentially impact gene expression by promoting global DNA hypomethylation and altering histone modifications.

Cellular Scenescence:

Taurine's antioxidant properties neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress and potentially mitigating cellular senescence. Its anti-inflammatory effects modulate inflammatory signaling pathways, reducing pro-inflammatory molecules, and influencing cellular senescence by attenuating inflammation.

Inflammation:

Taurine helps to mitigate inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory molecules, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting immune cell activation.

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Taurine helps activate autophagy by increasing the expression of important genes involved in this process, and it also enhances the formation of structures called autophagosomes, which play a critical role in removing cellular waste and maintaining cellular health.

Genomic instability:

Taurine exhibits antioxidant activity, safeguarding DNA from damage, and supports DNA repair mechanisms, which helps maintain genomic stability. Moreover, it shields against genotoxic agents, such as heavy metals and environmental toxins, reducing DNA damage and genomic instability through scavenging reactive species and promoting DNA repair pathways.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Taurine supports mitochondrial function, crucial for cellular energy production, preventing metabolic disorders associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, taurine plays a role in energy metabolism, contributing to energy production and utilization in various cellular pathways.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Taurine influences stem cell differentiation, promoting differentiation into neuronal or muscle cell lineages through gene expression and signaling pathway modulation. It supports stem cell survival and proliferation by enhancing viability and protecting them from stress, aided by its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce oxidative stress.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Taurine aids in proteostasis, acting as a chemical chaperone to maintain proper protein structure. It prevents protein misfolding and aggregation. Taurine's antioxidant activity also reduces oxidative stress, protecting proteins from further damage and ensuring their proper function and structure.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Taurine preserves metabolic health and prevents complications improving insulin sensitivity, regulating lipid metabolism, and acting as an antioxidant.

Intercelluar Communication:

Taurine influences cellular communication and neuronal activity by acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator, enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission and modulating ion channels and calcium signaling.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Taurine prevents dysbiosis by modulating gut microbiota composition, promoting a favorable profile, and influencing the production of beneficial short-chain fatty acids.

Sources:

The effects of taurine supplementation on diabetes mellitus in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9235038/

Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn9257

Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23170060/

Effects of Taurine on Gut Microbiota Homeostasis: An Evaluation Based on Two Models of Gut Dysbiosis

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10135931/

The role of taurine in improving neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26906683/

"The median life span of taurine-treated mice increased by 10 to 12%, and life expectancy at 28 months increased by about 18 to 25%. A meaningful antiaging therapy should not only improve life span but also health span, the period of healthy living."

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn9257

"A dietary supplement taken by fitness buffs could hold the key to a longer and healthier life, suggests a new study of mice, monkeys and worms."

https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/08/health/taurine-supplements-aging.html

Overview

Methylcobalamin is one of the active forms of vitamin B12 that the body can readily use. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, it is transported to cells where it is involved in various enzymatic reactions. Vitamin B12 is involved in numerous processes in the body, including the production of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, energy metabolism, and the maintenance of a healthy nervous system. Methylcobalamin specifically participates in these functions by acting as a coenzyme in certain biochemical reactions.

Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in various bodily processes, including nerve function, DNA synthesis, and the formation of red blood cells. Adequate levels of vitamin B12 are essential for nerve function and cognitive health, which can influence quality of life as we age. Additionally, vitamin B12 is involved in energy production and metabolism, which can contribute to vitality and healthy aging.

Benefits:

Energy production: Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It helps convert food into glucose, which is the primary source of energy for the body. By ensuring an adequate supply of vitamin B12, methylcobalamin can support optimal energy production.

Nervous system health: Methylcobalamin is involved in the formation of myelin, a protective sheath that surrounds nerve fibers and facilitates proper nerve signaling. Adequate vitamin B12 levels can contribute to the maintenance of a healthy nervous system, promoting optimal nerve function.

Cognitive function: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been linked to cognitive health decline and decreased brain function. Methylcobalamin may help support memory, concentration, and overall cognitive performance. Adequate levels of B12 are important for maintaining mental clarity and preventing cognitive decline.

Mood regulation: Some research suggests that vitamin B12 supplementation, including methylcobalamin, may have a positive impact on mood and mental well-being as well as preventing depression prognosis. Adequate B12 levels are essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine, which play a role in mood regulation.

Heart health: Vitamin B12, including methylcobalamin, is involved in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid that, when elevated, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. By helping to regulate homocysteine levels, methylcobalamin may contribute to heart health.

Vegetarian and vegan diets: Methylcobalamin supplementation is particularly important for individuals following vegetarian or vegan diets, as plant-based foods generally do not provide sufficient vitamin B12. Vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of B12 deficiency, and methylcobalamin supplements can help meet their dietary needs.

Vitamin B12 effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Adequate B12 levels support DNA replication and repair, indirectly aiding telomere maintenance; by reducing oxidative stress, methylcobalamin may protect against telomere damage and maintain telomere length, mitigating cellular aging.

Epigenetic Alterations:

B12 plays a vital role in epigenetics by contributing to DNA methylation through methionine synthesis, impacting gene expression patterns and supporting proper epigenetic regulation by providing essential methyl groups.

Cellular Senescence:

Vitamin B12 plays a role in preventing cellular senescence because it is essential in regulating homocysteine levels, preventing cellular damage and aging, and plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis, preserving DNA integrity.

Inflammation:

B12 antioxidant properties reduce oxidative stress, helping mitigate inflammation, and its role in supporting the immune system aids in regulating the inflammatory response.

Genomic instability:

For genomic stability, B12 is essential in DNA synthesis, repair, and gene expression regulation through DNA methylation, reducing the risk of DNA damage and chromosomal instability by converting homocysteine to methionine and preventing its accumulation.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

B12 is crucial for energy metabolism and ATP production, supporting mitochondrial function through its involvement in methylation reactions, including Coenzyme Q10 synthesis, vital for ATP production and mitochondrial health.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

B12 adequate levels support stem cell differentiation and proliferation for tissue regeneration, as its involvement in DNA methylation may indirectly influence stem cell behavior through epigenetic regulation.

Loss of Proteostasis:

B12 helps maintain proteostasis by reducing oxidative stress, preventing protein misfolding, and aggregation through its antioxidant properties.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

B12 is involved in cellular nutrient sensing, energy metabolism, and gene expression regulation, and its adequate levels are crucial for normal insulin function, as deficiency is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism.

Intercelluar Communication:

Playing a fundamental role in cellular communication, B12 is essential for myelin production, neurotransmitter synthesis, and as a cofactor for methylation reactions, which regulate gene expression.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

B12 supports the gut epithelial barrier, protecting against harmful bacteria and toxins; its involvement in gut bacteria metabolism, absorption, and nutrient utilization helps maintain a balanced gut microbial community.

Sources:

Vitamin B12 Supplementation: Preventing Onset and Improving Prognosis of Depression

https://www.cureus.com/articles/42615-vitamin-b12-supplementation-preventing-onset-and-improving-prognosis-of-depression.pdf

Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/

Vitamin B12 deficiency

https://bevital.no/pdf_files/literature/green_2017_nrdp_3_17040.pdf

Overview

Vitamin D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for various bodily functions, including maintaining healthy bones, immune system support, and regulating calcium levels. It is primarily synthesized in the skin when exposed to sunlight and can also be obtained from certain foods and supplements.

The impact of vitamin D3 on longevity is still an area of ongoing research, and the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. However, some studies have suggested that adequate vitamin D levels may be associated with a reduced risk of certain age-related diseases, such as cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and some types of cancer. Additionally, vitamin D3 plays a role in supporting overall health, which can contribute to improved quality of life as people age. Nonetheless, more research is needed to determine the precise relationship between vitamin D3 and longevity. As with any supplement or nutrient, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional to ensure individual needs are met safely and effectively.

Lichen

Vitamin D3 can be derived from certain species of lichen. Lichens are unique organisms formed by a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and either a green alga or a cyanobacterium. When these lichens are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, typically from sunlight, the ergosterol undergoes a photochemical reaction, converting it into vitamin D3. The use of vitamin D3 derived from lichen is particularly relevant for dietary supplements, as it provides a vegan-friendly alternative to vitamin D3 sourced from animal products like fish liver oil or lanolin (a substance obtained from sheep's wool). Vitamin D3 derived from lichen (cholecalciferol) has the same physiological effects and functions as vitamin D3 from other sources (also cholecalciferol) because it is chemically identical.

Benefits

Bone Health: Vitamin D3 plays a vital role in calcium absorption and bone metabolism. Adequate vitamin D levels are necessary for maintaining healthy bones and teeth. It helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorus, which are essential minerals for bone strength and growth.

Immune System Support: Vitamin D3 is involved in modulating immune system function. It is believed to play a role in enhancing the body's defense against certain infections and reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases. Some studies have suggested that vitamin D3 supplementation may help reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory tract infections.

Mood and Mental Health: Vitamin D3 has been linked to mood regulation and mental health. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increased risk of depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and other mood disorders. Supplementing with vitamin D3 may help maintain optimal levels and support overall mental well-being.

Heart Health: Some research suggests that adequate vitamin D levels may be beneficial for cardiovascular health. Vitamin D3 may help regulate blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and improve endothelial function, which is important for healthy blood vessels.

Vitamin D3 effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Vitamin D3 may upregulate telomerase activity, maintaining telomere length, which shortens naturally with cell division and indicates cellular aging. Vitamin D3 deficiency is linked to shorter telomeres, while higher levels are associated with longer telomeres.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Vitamin D3 affects epigenetics by altering DNA methylation patterns, influencing gene expression in immune function and cellular growth, and also impacts histone modifications, affecting chromatin structure and gene accessibility to influence gene expression patterns.

Inflammation:

Vitamin D3 influences immune cell production, gene expression, and cytokine regulation, and its deficiency is linked to increased inflammation. Supplementation with vitamin D3 has shown to reduce inflammatory markers in various inflammatory disorders.

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Vitamin D3 may enhance autophagy by influencing signaling pathways, gene expression, and promoting autophagy-related gene expression and autophagosome formation.

Genomic instability:

Vitamin D3 helps maintain genomic stability by promoting DNA repair mechanisms and reducing DNA damage accumulation; its antioxidant properties protect against harmful reactive oxygen species, preventing oxidative stress-induced DNA lesions and genomic instability.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Vitamin D3 influences mitochondrial energy metabolism, enhances respiration and ATP production, and acts as an antioxidant, neutralizing ROS to reduce oxidative stress and protect against mitochondrial damage. Additionally, it regulates calcium homeostasis, supporting proper mitochondrial function.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Vitamin D3 impacts different types of stem cells. It promotes bone-forming differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells, regulates blood cell formation in hematopoietic stem cells, and affects neural stem cells in the brain, potentially influencing their growth and survival. Vitamin D3 deficiency may be linked to changes in brain function and an increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders.

Loss of Proteostasis:

In maintaining proteostasis, Vitamin D3 modulates heat shock proteins (HSPs) to aid in proper protein folding, influences autophagy-related gene expression, autophagosome formation, and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Low vitamin D3 levels are associated with increased body weight, adiposity, and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and a higher risk of type 2 diabetes, possibly influenced by its impact on adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin signaling pathways.

Intercelluar Communication:

Vitamin D3 plays a role in cellular communication by modulating cytokine production, promoting anti-inflammatory cytokines, and suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which helps maintain immune system balance and function.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Low vitamin D3 levels are linked to altered gut microbiota, reduced diversity, and potential implications for gut health and disease risk; vitamin D3's immunomodulatory effects in the gut may indirectly impact gut microbiota through host-microbiota interaction regulation.

Sources:

Vitamin D Deficiency: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, Gene Regulation, and Aging https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627346/

NIH Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals

https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/

The Interplay of Vitamin D Deficiency and Cellular Senescence in The Pathogenesis of Obesity-Related Co-Morbidities

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/11/4127

About the associations of vitamin D deficiency and biomarkers of systemic inflammatory response with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a general population sample of almost 400,000 UK Biobank participants

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37340242

Vitamin D in Neurological Diseases: A Rationale for a Pathogenic Impact

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6121649/

The Relationship Between Vitamin D and Telomere/Telomerase: A Comprehensive Review

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33331615/

Overview

Vitamin C, in general, is known for its antioxidant properties, which help neutralize harmful free radicals in the body that can contribute to cellular damage and aging. By reducing oxidative stress and supporting cellular health, vitamin C may indirectly have a positive influence on longevity.

Sodium Ascorbate is a sodium salt form of ascorbic acid (a.k.a vitamin C). It is a less acidic form of ascorbic acid with many of the same beneficial characteristics. Some of its main benefits include antioxidant protection, bolstering immune function, and assisting in collagen synthesis.

Benefits:

Antioxidant Protection: Sodium ascorbate's antioxidant properties can help reduce oxidative stress and protect cells from damage. By neutralizing free radicals, it may contribute to maintaining cellular health and reducing the risk of age-related diseases.

Immune Function: Vitamin C plays a vital role in supporting immune function. It enhances the activity of immune cells, helps stimulate the production of antibodies, and assists in the function of the skin barrier. A robust immune system can aid in fighting infections and maintaining overall health.

Collagen Synthesis and Skin Health: Vitamin C is essential for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that provides structure to the skin, blood vessels, and other connective tissues. Sodium ascorbate supports collagen production by hydroxylating the two amino acids proline and lysine, promoting healthy skin and potentially reducing the appearance of aging-related changes like wrinkles and sagging. This collagen production also assists in improving the speed and effectiveness of wound healing.

Cardiovascular Health: Some research suggests that vitamin C may have positive effects on cardiovascular health. It may help reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, by improving blood vessel function, reducing inflammation, and supporting the health of the endothelium (the inner lining of blood vessels).

Vitamin C effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Vitamin C protects telomeres by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing telomerase activity.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Vitamin C impacts epigenetics for acting as a cofactor for certain enzymes that regulate gene expression* and reducing oxidative stress to maintain a more stable epigenetic profile.

Cellular Scenescence:

Vitamin C contributes to cellular scenescence by acting as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress and influencing collagen synthesis which affects the activity of enzymes involved in aging.

Inflammation:

Vitamin C, due to its antioxidant properties, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, which can indirectly contribute to inflammation.

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Vitamin C can induce autophagy in a cell that is under oxidative stress or deprived of nutrients.

Genomic instability:

Vitamin C indirectly preserves genomic stability by reducing oxidative stress, a major contributor to DNA damage; moreover, it enhances the activity of DNA repair enzymes responsible for fixing strand breaks, further contributing to genomic stability maintenance.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Vitamin C protects mitochondrial health by reducing oxidative stress and participating in cellular energy metabolism.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Vitamin C has been shown to plays a role in stem cells by affecting the maintenance and differentiation of various types of stem cells.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Vitamin C indirectly supports proteostasis by reducing oxidative stress, aiding proper protein folding, reducing aggregation, stabilizing collagen and promoting its synthesis, and enhancing heat shock proteins (HSPs) activity, which play a crucial role in maintaining proteostasis under stress conditions, collectively contributing to protein homeostasis.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Vitamin C can enhance cellular metabolism by boosting the activity of the AMPK enzyme. Low levels of vitamin C have also been associated with and increased risk of metabolic syndrome.

Intercelluar Communication:

Vitamin C plays a role in cellular communication by affecting the synthesis and assembly of gap junction proteins, such as connexins, which are the building blocks of gap junction channels.

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Vitamin C can reduce dysbiosis by acting as a prebiotic and reducing oxidative stress in the gut.

Sources:

NIH Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/

Vitamin C and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7761826/

The health effects of vitamin C supplementation: a review.: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.1995.10718484

Overview

Nicotinamide, also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3, a water-soluble vitamin. It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and the maintenance of healthy cells. Nicotinamide is involved in a coenzyme called NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), which is essential for several metabolic pathways.

Research suggests that nicotinamide and its influence on NAD+ levels may have positive effects on longevity. NAD+ is involved in various processes, such as sirtuin activation and PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) function, both of which are associated with cellular repair and protection against age-related decline.

NAD+ is responsible for facilitating a whole host of cellular functions such as metabolic pathways, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, cellular senescence and immune cell function. NAD+ is also serves a role in ATP synthesis to produce energy for cells. Aging is associated with decreased NAD+ levels which amplify aging related diseases and complications.

Benefits:

Increases ATP production: ATP is a cell’s main energy currency. By supporting ATP synthesis, nicotinamide helps maintain cellular energy levels, which is important for various cellular processes and overall health.

DNA repair and maintenance: Nicotinamide is involved in DNA repair mechanisms, specifically in the activity of enzymes called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). These enzymes are responsible for repairing DNA damage, which can occur due to factors like oxidative stress. By promoting DNA repair, nicotinamide may help maintain genomic stability and delay the aging process.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Nicotinamide exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting certain pro-inflammatory signaling pathways.By modulating inflammation, nicotinamide may help reduce the risk of age-related diseases and promote healthy aging.

Mitochondrial function: Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for energy production and various cellular processes. Nicotinamide is involved in maintaining mitochondrial function, including the regulation of energy metabolism and the prevention of mitochondrial dysfunction. By supporting mitochondrial health, nicotinamide may contribute to longevity.

NAD+ and sirtuin activation: NAD+ is an essential coenzyme for sirtuin activity. Sirtuins rely on NAD+ as a substrate for their enzymatic function. Nicotinamide has been shown to activate sirtuins, a type of protein involved in regulating cellular processes related to aging and longevity including the aging and death of cells and their resistance to stress. Sirtuins are also involved in regulating gene expression, DNA repair, and metabolic pathways. By activating sirtuins, nicotinamide may help promote cellular health and longevity.

Nicotinamide Effects on 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Nicotinamide supports telomeres by possibly inhibiting telomerase activity, potentially impacting telomere shortening*, but its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can help protect against oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting telomere health and integrity by reducing cellular damage.

Epigenetic Alterations:

Nicotinamide benefits epigenetics by influencing DNA methylation patterns and gene expression through its role as a precursor for S-adenosylmethionine (SAM).

Cellular Senescence:

Nicotinamide counteracts cellular senescence by serving as a precursor of NAD+, a coenzyme that supports various cellular processes including DNA repair.

Inflammation:

Nicotinamide's anti-inflammatory properties are achieved by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, potentially mitigating age-related disease risks and supporting healthy aging.

Genomic Instability:

Nicotinamide's role as a precursor for NAD+ can impact genomic stability by supporting DNA repair mechanisms and reducing oxidative stress, making it potentially beneficial for promoting genomic integrity in humans.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Nicotinamide plays a crucial role in mitochondrial function by supporting NAD+ synthesis, which aids in ATP generation, and it acts as an antioxidant, safeguarding mitochondria from oxidative damage.

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

Nicotinamide impacts human stem cells by supporting maintenance, differentiation, cellular reprogramming, and anti-inflammatory effects.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Nicotinamide supports proteostasis by enhancing molecular chaperone activity, promoting proper protein folding, and may also modulate autophagy*, aiding in the clearance of damaged proteins.

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

Nicotinamide improves metabolic health by protecting against oxidative stress and potentially improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.

Altered Intercellular Communication:

Nicotinamide impacts cellular communication by acting as a precursor of vital coenzymes (NAD+ and NADP+), which influence cellular communication by modulating signal pathways and impacting the activity of signaling molecules.

Sources:

NIH niacin fact sheet for health professionals: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Niacin-HealthProfessional/#h10

NIH NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33353981/

WikiPathways NAD+ biosynthetic pathways (Preiss-Handler Pathway uses Niacin): https://www.wikipathways.org/pathways/WP3645.html

Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03421-7

NAD+ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13668-023-00475-y

Overview

Cinnamon's health benefits stem from its unique composition of bioactive compounds, making it an important addition to a healthy diet.

The primary bioactive component in cinnamon is cinnamaldehyde, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound that accounts for much of its health-promoting properties. Other important compounds found in cinnamon include cinnamate, cinnamyl acetate, and various polyphenolic compounds such as procyanidins and flavonoids.

These bioactive compounds contribute to cinnamon's ability to regulate blood sugar levels, which is particularly important for individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance. Cinnamaldehyde and other compounds in cinnamon have been shown to enhance the body's sensitivity to insulin, thereby improving glucose metabolism and reducing the risk of complications associated with high blood sugar levels.

Furthermore, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon's polyphenolic compounds play a crucial role in protecting the body from oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which are underlying factors in many chronic diseases. These compounds can help neutralize harmful free radicals and inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, potentially reducing the risk of conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

In addition to its beneficial compounds, cinnamon is also rich in essential minerals like manganese, iron, calcium, and potassium, as well as dietary fiber, which further contribute to its overall health benefits.

Benefits

Blood sugar regulation: Cinnamon is well-known for its ability to help regulate blood sugar levels, making it potentially beneficial for individuals with diabetes or insulin resistance.

It contains compounds, such as cinnamaldehyde and procyanidin, that can enhance the body's ability to utilize insulin more efficiently, thereby improving glucose metabolism.

Several studies have shown that cinnamon supplementation can help lower fasting blood sugar levels and improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Anti-inflammatory properties: Cinnamon contains various antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds, such as polyphenols, cinnamaldehyde, and cinnamate.

These compounds have been found to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines, which can contribute to chronic inflammation and various inflammatory diseases.

By reducing inflammation, cinnamon may offer potential benefits for conditions like arthritis, autoimmune disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.

Antimicrobial effects: Cinnamon has been traditionally used for its antimicrobial properties, thanks to its active compounds like cinnamaldehyde and eugenol.

These compounds have been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, fungi, and even viruses, making cinnamon a potential natural preservative and food additive.

Cardiovascular health: Cinnamon may help improve cardiovascular health by reducing risk factors such as high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and inflammation.

It has been found to lower LDL (bad) cholesterol and triglyceride levels while increasing HDL (good) cholesterol levels.

Additionally, cinnamon may improve endothelial function and reduce the risk of blood clots, which can contribute to heart attacks and strokes.

Antioxidant properties: Cinnamon is rich in polyphenols, which are potent antioxidants that can help neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage.

These antioxidant properties may help prevent or delay the onset of various age-related chronic diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and premature aging.

Potential cognitive benefits: Some research suggests that cinnamon may have neuroprotective effects and could potentially improve cognitive function and brain health.

Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may help protect brain cells from damage and reduce the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.

Cinnamon effects on the 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

Like many other ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, cinnamon has the potential to support the health of telomeres by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation [1,2,3]

Epigenetic Alterations:

Bioactive compounds in cinnamon, like cinnamaldehyde, can modulate DNA methylation and histone acetylation, affecting gene expression patterns related to inflammation and metabolism [7,8].

Cellular Senescence:

The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of cinnamon can mitigate oxidative stress which is a significant contributor to cellular senescence [1,3].

Inflammation:

Cinnamon has been shown to inhibit reactions in the body associated with inflammatory responses of the immune system [1,2].

Dysregulated Autophagy:

Through its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce inflammation, cinnamon can enhance autophagic processes [1]

Genomic instability:

By reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, cinnamon helps protect DNA from damage and maintains genomic integrity [1,2,3].

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

Cinnamon’s antioxidants help in reducing oxidative stress, which is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial health and function [3]. Cinnamon has also been shown to negate some of the negative effects on mitochondria from a high fructose diet induced insulin resistance [9].

Stem Cell Exhaustion:

The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of cinnamon could create a more favorable environment for stem cell function and differentiation [1,2,3]. Another study also demonstrated that cinnamon bark extracts also increase the migration of mesenchymal stem cells leading to faster and more efficient wound healing [10].

Loss of Proteostasis:

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cinnamon help in maintaining protein proteostasis, reducing the accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins [1,2,3].

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

“1, 3, or 6 g of cinnamon per day reduces serum glucose, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in people with type 2 diabetes and suggest that the inclusion of cinnamon in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes will reduce risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases” [5].

Intercelluar Communication:

By reducing inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, cinnamon helps maintain the integrity of cell signaling pathways. Cinnamon’s polyphenols also influence signaling molecules and pathways [4].

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

Cinnamon has antimicrobial properties that can influence gut microbiota composition. The antimicrobial effects of cinnamon help in maintaining a balanced gut microbiome, potentially reducing dysbiosis and promoting gut health. [6]

Sources (General):

Blood sugar regulation:

Akilen, R., Tsiami, A., Devendra, D., & Robinson, N. (2010). Glycated haemoglobin and blood pressure-lowering effect of cinnamon in multi-ethnic Type 2 diabetic patients in the UK: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine, 27(10), 1159-1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03079.x

Cao, H., Polidori, M. C., & Meydani, M. (2022). Nutritional modulation of age-related diabetes mellitus and dementia. Nutrients, 14(6), 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061249

Anti-inflammatory properties:

Nasr, S., Rashidian, A., Taghizadeh, M., & Asemi, Z. (2020). The effects of cinnamon on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, inflammatory markers, and endothelial function in patients with diabetes and pre-diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 53, 102519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102519

Shiba, S., Xu, M., Yu, Y., Daskalakis, C., Croniger, C. M., & Bishop, A. J. (2020). Cinnamon polyphenol supplementation improves metabolic and liver health in obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrients, 12(9), 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092674

Antimicrobial effects:

Rao, P. V., & Gan, S. H. (2014). Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014, 642942. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/642942

Gunawardana, D., & Karunaweera, N. (2022). Cinnamomum verum extract as a potential therapeutic agent for COVID-19: A review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2022, 6765374. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6765374

Cardiovascular health:

Randhawa, P. K., Singh, K., Singh, N., & Jaggi, A. S. (2022). A review on pharmacological profile of cinnamon species: Therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular Therapeutics, 2022, 9865854. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9865854

Balan, S., Bregener, T. A., De Filippis, E. A., Gasser, M., Kochhar, A., Shrestha, S., & Agarwal, C. (2022). Cinnamon and its bioactive components in cardiovascular disease: an updated review. Nutrients, 14(18), 3827. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183827

Antioxidant and cognitive benefits:

Ranasinghe, P., Pigera, S., Premakumara, G. S., Galappathi, P., Constantine, G. R., & Katulanda, P. (2013). Medicinal properties of 'true' cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): a systematic review. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-275

Azimi, P., Ghiasvand, R., Feizi, A., Hariri, M., & Abbasi, B. (2014). Effects of cinnamon, cardamom, saffron, and ginger consumption on markers of glycemic control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, and inflammation in type 2 diabetes patients. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 15(3), 297-304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11154-014-9290-x

Sources (12 Hallmarks):

[1] Beneficial Effects of Cinnamon on the Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Pain, and Mechanisms Underlying These Effects – A Review

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3943007/

[2] Immunopharmacological studies of the aqueous extract of Cinnamomum cassia (CCAq). I. Anti-allergic action

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6184511/

[3] Antioxidant activity of cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum, Breyne) extracts

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10077878/

[4] Plant polyphenols in cell-cell interaction and communication

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2634513/

[5] Cinnamon Improves Glucose and Lipids of People With Type 2 Diabetes

https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/26/12/3215/21858/Cinnamon-Improves-Glucose-and-Lipids-of-People

[6] Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamon Extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli In Vitro

https://www.bioscmed.com/index.php/bsm/article/download/85/82

[7] Epigenetic regulating enzyme activity modification in natural cinnamon extract treated MCF-7 breast cancer cells

https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.621.4

[8] Cinnamon, a promising prospect towards Alzheimer’s disease

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661817311659

[9] Cinnamon intake alleviates the combined effects of dietary-induced insulin resistance and acute stress on brain mitochondria

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26878796/

[10] Cinnamtannin B-1 Promotes Migration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Accelerates Wound Healing in Mice

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0144166

MCT oil is a type of dietary fat that provides a quick source of energy for the body. It has many health benefits, including being an aid in weight management, boost athletic performance, and can potentially benefit brain function.

Promotes weight management: MCT oil is easily digested and metabolized, providing a quick source of energy. It can help increase feelings of fullness and may promote a slightly higher metabolic rate, which can aid in weight management.

Boosts energy levels: MCTs are rapidly absorbed and transported directly to the liver, where they are converted into ketones, which can be used as an alternative energy source for the body and brain. This can provide a quick energy boost and reduce fatigue.

Supports cognitive function: Ketones produced from MCT oil can serve as an alternative fuel source for the brain, potentially improving cognitive function, focus, and mental clarity. There are also many studies being performed on MCT oil having a positive impact on Alzheimer's disease.

Supports gut health: MCTs are less likely to be stored as fat and are easily digested, making them easier for the body to tolerate compared to other fats. They may also have antimicrobial and antifungal properties that can support a healthy gut environment.

Improves nutrient absorption: MCT oil can help improve the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as certain antioxidants.

MCT Oil effects on the 12 Hallmarks of Aging:

Telomere Attrition:

By reducing inflammation and reducing oxidative stress generated in mitochondrial metabolism, MCT’s can help preserve telomeres [2][3].

Epigenetic Alterations:

While MCT’s do not have a direct impact on epigenetics, their effects on inflammation, gut microbiota, and metabolism could cause epigenetic benefits over time.

Cellular Senescence:

MCT oil can be more efficiently turned into energy (through ketosis) which could help reduce oxidative stress and help cells stay healthy and senesce properly.

Inflammation:

MCT oil has been shown to control inflammatory responses through modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism [2].

Dysregulated Autophagy:

MCT’s have been shown to activate the AMPK signaling pathway [3]. AMPK activation positively regulates signaling pathways that replenish cellular ATP supplies, including fatty acid oxidation and autophagy [5].

Genomic instability: By improving mitochondrial energy production and reducing inflammation, MCT’s can create a more stable environment for DNA.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction:

MCT’s are metabolized as ketones in the body in a process know as ketosis. These ketones are used to produce ATP in mitochondria more efficiently than normal metabolism fuel. This puts less stress on the mitochondria and protects their health.

Loss of Proteostasis:

Enhanced autophagy through MCT oil consumption helps maintain proteostasis by clearing damaged proteins and organelles, thus supporting cellular health [5].

Deregulated Nutrient Sensing:

MCT oil is rapidly metabolized into ketones, which can improve insulin sensitivity and promote weight loss [1]. This can aid in managing metabolic disorders like obesity and type 2 diabetes [4].

Intercelluar Communication:

MCTs can affect cellular communication by altering signaling pathways related to metabolism, such as the TGF-β and AMPK pathways. These pathways play critical roles in cellular growth, energy balance, and stress responses. [3]

Microbiome Dysbiosis:

“Dietary MCT, taken alone or with other supplements (such as prebiotics, probiotics, organic acids, etc.) could be used as anti-obesity interventions, in regards to their capacity to prevent intestinal permeability/endotoxemia by remodeling gut microbiota” [6].

Sources (General)

Promotes weight management:

• A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that consumption of MCTs resulted in greater feelings of fullness and decreased food intake compared to long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) (Rolls et al., 1988).
  
• A review published in the The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that MCT oil led to a greater rate of weight and fat loss than olive oil. (St. Onge, et.al, 2008).

Boosts energy levels:

• A study published in the Journal of Lipid Research found that MCTs can be rapidly metabolized and provide an alternative energy source in the form of ketones (Schönfeld et al., 2016).

Supports cognitive function:

• A double-blind study published by Alzheimer's Association found those using MCT oil had superior cognitive function in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (Juby et al., 2022).
  

Supports gut health:

• The Journal of Animal Science found in young pigs that MCT oil was found to have anti-microbial properties in the intestines, effective reducing negative bacteria. (Yen et al, 2014)

Improves nutrient absorption:

• Frontiers in Nutrition issued a report of MCTs, and found they enhanced absorption of certain vitamins and minerals, and other nutrients in infants. (Watanabe et al, 2022)

Sources (12 Hallmarks):

[1] The Ketogenic Effect of Medium-Chain Triacylglycerides
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8650700/

[2]Medium Chain Triglyceride (MCT) Oil Affects the Immunophenotype via Reprogramming of Mitochondrial Respiration in Murine Macrophages
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6915711/

[3] Medium Chain Triglycerides enhances exercise endurance through the increased mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolism

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5805166/

[4] Efficacy of Ketogenic Diets on Type 2 Diabetes: a Systematic Review

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8397683/

[5] AMPK Signaling

https://www.cellsignal.com/pathways/ampk-signaling-pathway

[6] Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Health: The Potential Beneficial Effects of a Medium Chain Triglyceride Diet in Obese Individuals

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4882694/

[7] The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism (accessed through UCSD)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0952327803002217#aep-abstract-id3

Telomeres are protective structures at the ends of our chromosomes, similar to the plastic caps on shoelaces that prevent fraying. They play a crucial role in maintaining the stability and integrity of our genetic material.

Telomere attrition is the gradual shortening of these protective caps over time. This process occurs naturally as cells divide, but it's also influenced by factors like stress, poor diet, and environmental toxins. Think of it as the biological equivalent of a countdown timer – as telomeres shorten, cells age and eventually lose their ability to divide properly.

This phenomenon is closely linked to the aging process and various age-related diseases. Understanding telomere attrition has become a key focus in longevity research, as scientists explore ways to slow down or potentially reverse this cellular aging process.

Maintaining healthy telomeres is crucial because they act as a buffer against genetic damage and cellular aging, potentially extending our healthspan and reducing the risk of age-related diseases.

Some studies suggest that lifestyle interventions like regular exercise, stress reduction, and a nutrient-rich diet may help preserve or even modestly increase telomere length, though more research is needed to fully understand and harness this potential for rejuvenation.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with telomere attrition:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Epigenetic changes involve modifications to DNA or histones that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. With age, there's a global decrease in DNA methylation, yet increased methylation at specific gene promoters. This leads to altered gene expression patterns, often silencing tumor suppressor genes or activating harmful genes, which can disrupt cellular function and contribute to age-related diseases.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with epigenetic alterations:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

When cells experience stress or damage, they can enter a state of senescence—they stop dividing but remain metabolically active. Senescent cells secrete pro-inflammatory factors, chemokines, and growth factors (the senescence-associated secretory phenotype or SASP), which can damage surrounding tissues. While senescence prevents cancer by halting the division of damaged cells, the accumulation of senescent cells contributes to aging-related inflammation and tissue dysfunction.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with cellular senescence:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Also known as "inflammaging," this hallmark involves a low-grade, chronic inflammatory state that develops with age. It's driven by factors like senescent cell accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in the gut microbiome. Unlike acute inflammation, which aids healing, chronic inflammation damages tissues over time. It's a key factor in age-related diseases like atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's, some cancers, various health issues, including autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular problems, and some neurodegenerative conditions.

Inflammation increases with age. Balancing the immune response and managing inflammation is crucial for maintaining overall health and well-being.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with inflammation:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil

Autophagy is the process by which cells break down and recycle damaged components. It's crucial for maintaining cellular health, especially under stress. With age, autophagy becomes less efficient. This leads to the accumulation of damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, and other cellular "junk." Impaired autophagy is particularly problematic in non-dividing cells like neurons, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases. Interestingly, interventions that enhance autophagy, like fasting, show promise in extending healthspan.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with dysregulated autophagy:

• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil

Over time, DNA accumulates damage from various sources like radiation, chemical exposure, and replication errors. Our DNA repair mechanisms become less efficient with age, leading to mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. This genomic instability can lead to cellular dysfunction, increased cancer risk, and accelerated aging.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with genomic instability:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Mitochondria are the cell's powerhouses, producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. However, this process also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage mitochondrial DNA. Over time, this leads to less efficient energy production and more ROS, creating a vicious cycle. Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to fatigue, muscle weakness, and neurodegenerative diseases in aging.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with mitochondrial dysfunction:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil

Stem cells are crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. However, as we age, their number and function decline—a process called stem cell exhaustion. This is partly due to the accumulation of damage, epigenetic changes, and the effects of the aged tissue environment. Consequently, tissues lose their regenerative capacity, leading to slower wound healing, muscle loss, cognitive decline, and graying hair.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with stem cell exhasution:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Proteostasis is the balance between protein production, folding, and degradation. As we age, this balance is disrupted. Misfolded or damaged proteins accumulate, forming toxic aggregates that cells struggle to clear. This is seen in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. Additionally, the efficiency of protein-degrading systems like the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy declines, further compromising cellular health.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with loss of proteostasis:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Nutrient-sensing pathways like insulin/IGF-1, mTOR, and sirtuins play crucial roles in metabolism and longevity. With age, these pathways become less sensitive, leading to metabolic disorders. For example, insulin resistance can lead to type 2 diabetes. Conversely, reducing nutrient signaling through caloric restriction or drugs like rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) can extend lifespan in various species.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with deregulated nutrient sensing (metabolic disorders):

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Aging affects how cells communicate with each other.

Cellular communication refers to the process of cells in the body exchanging information and signals with each other. Cells use various methods, such as releasing chemical messengers (hormones, neurotransmitters) or direct physical contact, to convey essential instructions for coordinating various functions and responses within the body.

These alterations can affect everything from immune response to tissue repair, significantly impacting overall health.

Cellular communication enables cells to work together as a cohesive system, ensuring proper functioning and maintaining overall health.

As we age, cellular communication weakens, resulting in overall lowering of function in nearly all biological processes, including cognitive.

Supporting strong and healthy cellular communication is a key aspect of longevity.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with altered cellular communication:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Hyaluronic Acid (as Sodium Hyaluronate)
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Nicotinamide
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Phosphatidylcholine
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil
• Choline

Microbiome dysbiosis refers to an imbalance or disruption in the composition of the trillions of microbes that reside in our body, known as the microbiome.

When the balance of these microbes is disturbed, certain harmful microorganisms may overgrow while beneficial ones decrease, leading to potential health problems.

Dysbiosis has been linked to various health issues, including digestive disorders, immune system dysfunction, and even age-related conditions. Maintaining a healthy and diverse microbiome is crucial for overall health and healthy aging.

Essential Longevity ingredients that interact with microbiome dysbiosis:

• Lions Mane Mushroom
• Chaga Mushroom
• Agaricus Mushroom
• Quercetin
• Glycine
• Taurine
• Vitamin D3
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin B12
• Beta-Glucans (1,3 1,6)
• Cinnamon
• MCT Oil